VLA

Built between 1973 and 1981, the VLA comprises 28 large, 25m diameter, dish antennas spaced out across a desert plain.

The researchers combined observational data from Chandra and the VLA with an independent estimate of the black hole's mass from other telescopes to inform the outflow method and determine the black hole's spin.

The VLA observations revealed that gas clouds in these galaxies are orbiting much slower than would be expected if the galaxies harbored typical amounts of dark matter.

Other astronomers were intrigued but still skeptical because the VLA observations were not strong enough to support definitive conclusions.

Mancera Piña and his colleagues observed the galaxy for 40 hours, using a high-resolution configuration of the VLA.