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The council members who oppose Bélizaire, who served as Haiti’s sports minister during the second presidency of René �ʰ�é������ from 2006 to 2011, are now weighing options including fighting the decision or resigning from the council.

Rene Preval, the only democratically elected president to win and complete two terms in a country notorious for political upheaval, took a hard line on the gangs, giving them the choice to “disarm or be killed,” said Robert Fatton, professor of government and foreign affairs at the University of Virginia.

After Preval, gangs, politicians and business people extracted every dollar they could, said Francois Pierre-Louis, a professor of political science at Queens College at The City University of New York.

In the aftermath of a rebellion that ousted former Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, then-President Réné �ʰ�é������ ordered gangs to lay down their weapons.

Hillary Clinton, then the secretary of state, confronted then-President René �ʰ�é������ about putting Michel Martelly, America’s preferred candidate, on the ballot.