Barthes

Roland Barthes was a French literary critic who worked in semiotics, the study of signs and symbols, just as Jung did.

“Irony does not involve the simple substitution of the opposite for the literal meaning,” said Barthes in "Elements of Semiology."

Barthes expects irony to be done deliberately.

Between Barthes and Berlant, Alanis gets to have the black fly in her chardonnay and drink it, too.

She found herself turning to Europe, where thinkers like Roland Barthes, Jean Baudrillard and Jacques Derrida were asking radical questions about art, literature and culture, offering insights that enabled Professor Fuchs to explain what she was seeing in the cramped theaters of Lower Manhattan.